Panchayati Raj, an ancient form of village self-governance in India, has been integral to the country’s administrative fabric since ancient times. The concept of Panchayats is mentioned in ancient texts such as Manusmriti, Arthashastra, and Mahabharata, showcasing their historical significance. However, the system faced challenges and transformations over the centuries, from its decline during colonial rule to its revival post-independence. Early British attempts at establishing local self-governments didn’t lead to significant progress until Gandhi’s advocacy for Gram Swaraj during the independence movement reignited interest in decentralized governance.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992 established a three-tier Panchayati Raj system, recognizing the pivotal role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in rural development. PRIs serve as intermediaries between the government and rural communities, facilitating local participation and driving sustainable development initiatives. However, they face challenges such as resource constraints, capacity building needs, and ensuring financial transparency and accountability.
India also faces challenges in revenue generation and heavy reliance on central transfers for PRIs. Initiatives like making audited accounts and budgets publicly accessible, implementing e-governance platforms like eGramSwaraj, and mandating Gram Panchayat Development Plans aim to enhance transparency, participation, and accountability in local governance. With 68.8% of India’s population residing in rural areas, Panchayats play a crucial role in implementing development policies, bridging the gap between the masses and higher levels of government, and contributing to achieving Sustainable Development Goals. However, the effectiveness of Panchayats depends on factors such as resource availability, capacity building, political support, and community engagement.